|
| |
Dood gevonden |
Levend |
Dood |
Levend |
Dood |
Verdwenen (dood?) |
Gedood |
| J24HM |
21/3/71 |
19/5/71 |
16/5/71 |
14/7/71 |
11/8/71 |
|
|
| K18LF |
|
22/4/71 |
|
17/6/71 |
|
20/5/71 |
|
| M25CF |
6/3/71 |
18/6/71 |
16/7/71 |
10/9/71 |
5/11/71 |
|
|
| H28MF |
|
13/7/71 |
|
|
|
10/8/71 |
|
| H15CF |
|
13/7/71 |
|
|
|
10/8/71 |
|
| G 2HM |
10/3/71 |
9/8/71 |
|
|
|
|
|
| A15MM |
13/3/71 |
3/5/71 |
1/6/71 |
23/8/71 |
20/9/71 |
|
|
| G16HM |
9/3/71 |
9/8/71 |
7/9/71 |
|
|
|
|
| A 6HM |
25/2/71 |
3/5/71 |
1/6/71 |
23/8/71 |
20/9/71 |
|
|
| G23HM |
7/3/71 |
9/8/71 |
7/9/71 |
|
|
|
|
| E15MM |
21/1/72 |
25/2/72 |
|
|
|
|
|
| G 8MM |
3/9/71 |
29/11/71 |
27/12/71 |
|
|
|
|
| B19HF |
|
29/6/71 - 24/8/71 |
|
19/10/71 - 22/2/72 |
|
27/7/71 - 21/9/71 - 16/11/71 |
|
| B21HF |
25/2/71 |
24/8/71 |
21/9/71 |
19/10/71 - 22/2/72 |
16/11/71 |
|
|
| B14MF |
|
19/10/71 |
16/11/71 |
22/2/72 |
|
|
30/7/71 |
| B12HF |
2/9/71 |
19/10/71 |
16/11/71 |
22/2/72 |
|
|
|
| B 4CF |
12/9/71 |
19/10/71 |
16/11/71 |
22/2/72 |
|
|
|
| D30LF |
22/1/72 |
22/2/72 |
|
|
|
|
|
| B15HF |
25/1/72 |
22/2/72 |
|
|
|
|
|
| C29LM |
29/3/71 |
2/6/71 |
30/6/71 |
|
|
|
|
| C12HM |
10/8/71 |
20/10/71 |
17/11/71 |
|
|
|
|
According to Dr. Adrian Gross (FDA Toxicologist and Investigator):
"They [manufacturer] lied and they didn't submit the real nature of their observations because had they done that it is more than likely that a great number of these studies would have been rejected simply for adequacy. What [the manufacturer] did, they took great pains to camouflage these shortcomings of the study. As I say filter and just present to the FDA what they wished the FDA to know and they did other terrible things for instance animals would develop tumors while they were under study. Well they would remove these tumors from the animals" [FDA Toxicologist and Task Force member, Dr. Adrian Gross (Wilson 1985)]
Apparently the Committee is unaware of the chaos in the manufacturer laboratories for Aspartaam pre-approval research as detailed in ATIC (1996).
Aspartaam and Reproductive Effects
Based on the review of summarized pre-approval study data by a World Health Organization committee (JECFA 1980) and the earlier review by the Scientific Committee on Food (SCF 1985), the Scientific Committee on Food stated that:
"...no additional studies were identified which would impact on the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) [for Aspartaam]."
Aside from the chaos that was seen in the manufacturer’s pre-approval studies that led to the criminal investigation of the manufacturer (Merrill 1977), there are several items that the Committee neglected to mention:
1. The manufacturer employee responsible for reviewing most of the reproduction studies had only one year of prior experience, working on population dynamics of cotton tail rabbits while employed by Illinois Wildlife Service. In order to prepare him for this title of 'Senior Research Assistant in Teratology' (fetal damage) the manufacturer bought him books to read on the subject and also sent him to a meeting of the Teratology Society. They claimed that this qualified him to submit 18 of the initial tests to the FDA, in addition to training an assistant and 2 technicians. He certainly must have kept them busy because the manufacturer claimed that 329 teratology examinations were conducted in just 2 days. (Stoddard 1995, Graves 1984)
2. The manufacturer’s own consultant, Dr. Gregory Palmer, commented on the poor quality of the pre-approval reproduction studies (Gross 1985):
"Even following the track you did, it seems to me you have only confounded the issue by a series of studies most of which have severe design deficiencies or obvious lack of expertise in animal management. Because of these twin factors, all the careful and detailed examination of fetuses, all the writing, summarization and resummarization is of little avail because of the shaky foundation."
3. The Committee did not mention that Dow-Edwards (1989) demonstrated that Aspartaam administration after conception disrupted "odor-associative learning in newborn guinea pigs. The Aspartaam dose used was far below the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) mentioned in the JECFA (1980) review. Obviously, this study by itself would impact the NOAEL.
4. As mentioned earlier, The Guardian summarized parts of a confidential report compiled for the World Health Organization which stated that Expert Committees have been infiltrated by food industry consultants (Guardian 2003).
5. The Committee did not discuss a fairly large body of research related to the reproductive adverse effects of formaldehyde exposure (Thrasher 2001), including a recent paper on low birth weight and formaldehyde exposure in humans (Maroziene 2002)
6. The Committee made no mention of any reviews or studies related to damage to offspring from ingestion of excitotoxins obtained from Aspartaam and other chemical sources (e.g., monosodium glutamate) (Olney 1988, Olney 1994, Gao 1994, Fisher 1991, Toth 1987, Frieder 1984). Excitotoxins may be many time more toxic in humans than in rodents and monkeys due to the potential spike in plasma levels after administration (Olney 1994). A discussion of the combined effects of formaldehyde and excitotoxin exposure would have been relevant.
Aspartaam and Behavior, Cognition, Mood
A. "Long-Term" Research
For long-term research, the Committee relied on two Aspartaam industry-sponsored studies when they stated:
"A number of longer term studies with double-blind design involving multiple dosing in healthy individuals also failed to highlight any treatment-related adverse effects on behavior (Spiers 1998, Leon 1989)"
I suspect that the Committee did not even read the Leon (1989) study because it is not a study on Aspartaam and behavior. Both studies will be looked at in this report, but a few very important preliminary details must be looked at.
It is important to understen that when the Aspartaam industry funds studies, the studies are designed in such a way as to make it virtually impossible to find adverse effects. One of many methods that are used is that longer studies will only be conducted only on perfectly healthy subjects. Subjects who have reported adverse effects from real-world Aspartaam products will be placed in very short studies with other major flaws. For example, Rowan (1995) looked at persons who had experienced seizures from Aspartaam, but the study was only one day long, almost all of the subjects were on anti-seizure medication, and the Aspartaam was given in a way as to make it less toxic. Schiffman (1988) looked at persons who reported headaches from Aspartaam, but the study was only one day long, the Aspartaam was given in a way as to make it less toxic, and design flaws of the study caused over 75% of the persons on placebo to have adverse effects in a single day. Karstaedt (1993) tested Aspartaam on Parkinson’s Disease patients, but the study was only one day long and the subjects were given Aspartaam in a way as to make it less toxic. Hertelendy (1993) studied Aspartaam in patients with liver disease, but the study only lasted one day.
Sometimes Aspartaam industry studies on subjects with medical conditions will be longer than one day. Shaywitz (1994) studied epilepsy patients (but not patients who had reported seizures from Aspartaam) for two weeks, but the subjects were taking anti-seizure medication during the study.
But the longer studies like Leon (1989) and Spiers (1998) will use perfectly healthy subjects who are the least susceptible to reactions from several months of Aspartaam exposure (but still susceptible to long-term Aspartaam poisoning from years of use). Even these long studies do not take into account the fact that a large number of persons reporting serious health problems from Aspartaam use are able to ingest it without clinically-obvious adverse effects for many months or years (Roberts 1988a). Slow poisoning from the formaldehyde exposure in conjunction with the synergistic effects of a free-form excitotoxic amino acid would account for the delays in clinically obvious reactions.
Leon (1989) gave Aspartaam or placebo to healthy subject for 24 weeks. The Aspartaam was given in slow-dissolving capsules that reduce its toxicity (as discussed earlier). Even with the use of healthy subjects and a reduced toxicity form of Aspartaam, there was a > 50% increase in adverse reactions in the Aspartaam group. However, the researchers split the reactions into 14 small subcategories. They could then claim that within each tiny subcategory, there was no "statistically significant" increase in Aspartaam reactions. Since Leon (1989) split the reactions into 14 small subcategories, at least 20 times more subjects should have been enrolled in the study to have any hope of seeing statistically significant differences within the tiny subcategories.
Phase 3 drug trials are used in the U.S. to help determine what adverse effects might be associated with a drug. Enough subjects are enrolled to be able to extrapolate the results to the general population. Several hundred to several thousen patients are enrolled in Phase 3 trials (Nibeuhr 2000, FDA 2001). Patients in clinical trials tend to be more prone to adverse reactions. The Leon (1989) study used healthy patients, less prone to adverse effects from substances and therefore that study should have enrolled even more subjects than typically enrolled in Phase 3 clinical trials.
Leon (1989) had only 50 subjects take Aspartaam for 24 weeks and 51 subjects take placebo for 24 weeks. With the small number of perfectly healthy subjects and the reactions split into 14 subcategories and a less toxic form of Aspartaam used, it was inevitable that the researchers could claim no "statistically significant" increase in adverse reactions within each subcategory (even though Aspartaam caused a > 50% increase in adverse reactions overall).
"A 27-y-old female television producer drank 3 cans of Aspartaam-containing soft drinks a 1 glass of presweetened iced tea daily for 2 y[ears]. She suffered pain in both eyes, severe headaches, tingling of the extremities, heart palpitations, nausea, and marked frequency of urination. She also had difficulty wearing contact lenses. A CT scan of her brain and various eye tests proved normal. Her complaints improved shortly after she stopped using Aspartaam. The remission had persisted many mo[nths] when she completed the questionnaire." (Roberts 1988a)
The Spiers (1998) NutraSweet-funded study is a lesson in how a study can be designed so that there is virtually no chance of seeing "statistically significant" numbers of adverse reactions.
1. The Aspartaam was given for only 20 days to perfectly healthy subjects who had a history of Aspartaam use without reported complaints.
It is important to understen that many people can use Aspartaam for months or several years without any clinically obvious symptoms appearing. However, the chronic poisoning from Aspartaam use eventually catches up with most, if not all users. Here is a case described by an a person who had ingested Aspartaam for approximately 6-8 months before symptoms had begun to appear (ATIC 1998):
|